سلام زبان

درس 53 - چگونه جنگ جهانی اول شروع شد؟

How the First World War Started

با فشار دادن این متن  فایل صوتی درس 53 سطح 3 زبان انگلیسی و مکالمه را با شنیدن یاد بگیرید -  چگونه جنگ جهانی اول شروع شد؟ را دانلود کنید

During the summer of 1914, many people in Europe felt very optimistic about the future.
Modern technology was improving people's lives. Political freedom was gradually
increasing in many countries. New artistic styles and scientific discoveries were being
made. But later that summer, a terrible war began.  
In the early twentieth century, the various countries of Europe competed with each other
in an attempt to be the most powerful country on the continent. In each country, many of
the political leaders wanted to control more land, more people, and more resources.  
The First World War began when the archduke of Austria-Hungary was assassinated.
Austria-Hungary wanted to punish the assassin, who was from the small country of
Serbia. This led to a serious dispute, and soon other countries were involved. Within a
few weeks, a war had begun. On one side were Germany and Austria-Hungary, and on the
other side were Russia, France, and Britain.  
The people in these countries at first welcomed the news of a war. Many people were
 intensely patriotic, and supported the war effort without thinking carefully about the
reasons for the war. Some people thought that war would bring adventure and glory to
their lives, and they cheered enthusiastically in the streets.  
After the war started, it soon became clear that it was a terrible disaster. In the western
part of Europe, the opposing sides fought many bloody battles. Soldiers on both sides
lived in filthy trenches that had been dug out of the ground. Sometimes, hundreds of
thousands of men were killed in battles that lasted only a few days. In most cases, these
battles did not result in large gains or losses of territory.  
The war continued for more than four years. When the war was finally over, millions of
people had been killed. Many people realized that their eagerness to fight against other
countries had led them into a great disaster. This disaster did not end when the war
ended in 1918. During the next thirty years, there would be many violent revolutions in
Europe, and a second major war that would be even worse than the first.  
Today, people in most European countries no longer view other nations as enemies.
They have no interest in fighting wars with their neighbours. Instead, they are interested
in trading with the other countries, and in visiting those countries as tourists. The
lessons of the twentieth century have reminded people that wars can have terrible
consequences.

optimistic
believing that good things will happen in the future
ￚopposite pessimistic
optimistic about
Bankers are cautiously optimistic about the country's economic future.
optimistic (that)
We are still relatively optimistic that the factory can be saved.
Andrew took a more optimistic view.

search this word on: http://salamzaban.com/search

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artistic
relating to art or culture
artistic work Opinion about the artistic merit of his paintings has been mixed.

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continent
a large mass of land surrounded by sea
the continents of Asia and Africa

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archduke

a royal prince, esp. of the royal family of Austria in former times: Archduke Charles

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Austria-Hungary

look at this article: http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86

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assassinate

to murder an important or famous person, especially for political reasons
a plot to assassinate the President
the man who assassinated Nasseredin Shah

check this article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination

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assassin
someone who murders an important person
Kennedy's assassin is assumed to have been Lee Harvey Oswald.

Although the assassins were never caught, it is commonly believed that they were working for the government.

His assassins must have been aware of his security arrangements.

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dispute
a serious argument or disagreement
dispute with
The firm is involved in a legal dispute with a rival company.
dispute over
He got into a dispute over a taxi fare.
Every effort was made to settle the dispute , but without success.
dispute between
the bitter border dispute between the countries
A long-running pay dispute is disrupting rail services.
The coal industry was plagued by industrial disputes .
The police don't usually like to intervene in domestic disputes .
The miners were in dispute with their employers over pay.
A dispute arose over who was to be the next king.

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intense
intense activity is very serious, uses a lot of effort, and often involves doing a great deal in a very short time
The job demands intense concentration.
At least 3000 people were killed in a week of intense fighting.
ￚintensely adverb He disliked Kate intensely.

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glory

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enthusiastic
feeling or showing a lot of interest and excitement about something
enthusiastic about (doing) something
All the staff are enthusiastic about the project.
The singer got an enthusiastic reception. an enthusiastic supporter of reform

ￚenthusiastically / -kli / adverb

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disaster
(a) sudden serious misfortune causing great suffering and damage:
The flood was a terrible disaster.
Hundreds of people died.
The crash was the worst air disaster (=crash of a plane) this year.
Everything was going well, and then suddenly disaster struck. (=something terrible happened)
One hundred and twenty people died in China’s worst air disaster . the economic consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster
disaster for
The oil spill was a disaster for Alaskan sea animals.
The 1987 hurricane was the worst natural disaster to hit England for decades.

Their expedition nearly ended in disaster , when one of the climbers slid off the mountain.

The drought could spell disaster for wildlife.

Disaster struck when two men were killed during their parachute jumps.

The peace process was on the brink of disaster .

Luckily the pilot saw the other plane just in time, and a disaster was narrowly averted .

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filthy
very dirty
The house was filthy, with clothes and newspapers strewn everywhere.

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trenche
a deep ditch dug in the ground as a protection for soldiers:
In the First World War the soldiers fought in trenches

the trenches of World War I

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consequence
something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions
consequence of
Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.
consequence for
Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.
dire/disastrous/serious etc consequences

Errors in forecasting can have dire consequences.
with ... consequences
He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.
take/suffer/face the consequences (of something) (=accept the bad results of something you have done)
He broke the law, and now he must face the consequences of his actions.