{"id":18875,"date":"2026-06-01T02:03:56","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beta.salamzaban.com\/?p=18875"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:03:56","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:03:56","slug":"the-dubin-inquiry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/the-dubin-inquiry\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0646<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

The Dubin Inquiry<\/h3>\n

The Dubin Inquiry was a Canadian federal government inquiry <\/strong>into the state of amateur sport in Canada, more specifically into the use of performance-enhancing drugs<\/strong> by Canadian athletes. The inquiry followed in the footsteps of <\/strong>Canadian sprinter <\/strong>Ben Johnson’s disqualification <\/strong>in the 1988 Seoul Olympics. The inquiry was named after <\/strong>Charles Dubin, a Canadian judge who preside<\/strong>d over<\/strong> the proceedings.<\/p>\n

Johnson won the Olympic men’s 100-metre final in a world record time of 9.79 seconds. However, his post<\/strong>-race mandatory <\/strong>drug test was positive. Johnson was found to have taken the steroid Stanozolol. The subsequent <\/strong>stripping of Johnson’s gold medal turned into probably the most famous case of drug use in the history of sports. It also sent shock waves rippling <\/strong>through the Canadian sports establishment<\/strong>, with various members of government and the sport bureaucracy <\/strong>pointing fingers at each other.<\/p>\n

Many observers of the sports establishment around the world followed the Dubin Inquiry and the Johnson case. Several countries were dealing with the growing problem of their own athletes using drugs to enhance performance, so the results of the inquiry were eagerly anticipate<\/strong>d. The inquiry heard testimony <\/strong>from a large number of athletes, coaches, sports administrators, and others. The most interesting submissions were made by Johnson’s coach Charlie Francis, his physician Jamie Astaphan, and of course from Johnson himself. The inquiry disclose<\/strong>d drug taking on a scale <\/strong>never before suspected. It was discovered that, besides the common practice of coaches encouraging athletes to take drugs, many others were guilty of turning a ‘blind eye’ to <\/strong>the problem and ignoring it.<\/p>\n

In the aftermath <\/strong>of the inquiry, a new organization, The Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport, was created to combat <\/strong>the problem. This organization has taken various measures in its attempt to combat drug use by Canadian athletes. However, critics of the Dubin Inquiry have accused the inquiry of being little more than a government inquisition, the real purpose of which was to direct attention towards individual athletes and coaches and away from the government itself.<\/p>\n

Increasingly in the 1980s, Sport Canada-the governing body responsible for the administration of elite amateur sport in Canada-had taken a “success-oriented” approach to Canadian sport: emphasizing winning medals above all other goals. The result, critics have pointed out, was to put immense pressure on Canadian athletes, leading in turn to drug use–among many other extreme measures–to enhance performance. The Dubin Inquiry, in other words, has had mixed reviews.<\/p>\n

A further indication of the effectiveness of the Dubin Inquiry can be seen in the state of Canadian sport since the inquiry. Despite attempts by The Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport to educate athletes and coaches on the dangers of drug use, there is little doubt that rampant <\/strong>drug use continues. This has led some observers of the Canadian sport scene to claim that drug use is less a reflection of individual athletes who cheat, but more a reflection of a cultural and institutional epidemic in sport. Drug use has perhaps become so common in the culture of elite sport that dealing with the problem by punishing individual athletes might be ineffective.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Inquiry<\/p>\n

\"Inquiry\"
\nan official process to find out about something<\/p>\n

inquiry into
\na judicial inquiry into the deaths
\nlaunch\/set up\/hold an inquiry (into something)
\nThe Civil Aviation Authority has agreed to hold an inquiry into the accident.
\nThe police have launched a murder inquiry .
\nParents have called for an independent inquiry into the accident.<\/p>\n

—
\nperformance-enhancing<\/p>\n

\"performance-enhancing\"
\nperformance-enhancing drug\/product\/supplement etc
\na drug or product that is used illegally by people competing in sports events to improve their performance<\/p>\n

—
\nfollowed in the footsteps of
\nsprinter
\n\"sprinter\"
\nsomeone who runs in fast races over short distances
\ndisqualification<\/p>\n

\"disqualification\"
\nto stop someone from taking part in an activity because they have broken a rule
\n\uffdasynonym ban
\ndisqualify somebody from (doing) something
\nHe was disqualified from driving .<\/p>\n

\uffdadisqualification
\nautomatic disqualification<\/p>\n

—
\nname somebody\/something after somebody\/something
\n(=give someone or something the same name as another person or thing) He was named after his father.The street is named after the famous South African leader, Nelson Mandela.
\n—
\npreside<\/p>\n

\"preside\"
\npreside over something phrasal verb<\/p>\n

to be in a position of authority at a time when important things are happening
\nThe government seemed to be presiding over large-scale unemployment.<\/p>\n

—
\npost
\n—
\nmandatory<\/p>\n

\"mandatory\"
\nif something is mandatory, the law says it must be done
\n\uffdasynonym compulsory, obligatory
\n\uffdasee also discretionary
\nIt\u2019s mandatory to pay the debt within six months.
\na mandatory election.
\nVoting is not mandatory.
\na mandatory waiting period of six months<\/p>\n

mandatory for
\nCrash helmets are mandatory for motorcyclists.
\nMurder carries a mandatory life sentence .
\nThe Council has made it mandatory for all nurses to attend a refresher course every three years.<\/p>\n

—
\nsubsequent
\nhappening or coming after something else<\/p>\n

\uffdasee also consequent
\nThese skills were passed on to subsequent generations.
\nsubsequent pages of the book
\nWe made plans for a visit, but subsequent difficulties with the car prevented it.
\nsubsequent to something
\nevents that happened subsequent to the accident
\nThe events I\u2019m speaking of were subsequent to (=after) the war.<\/p>\n

—
\nripple<\/p>\n

to pass from one person to another like a wave
\nripple through
\nPanic rippled through Hollywood as the murders were discovered.<\/p>\n

—
\nestablishment<\/p>\n

\"establishment\"
\nformal an organization or institution, especially a business, shop etc
\na top class training establishment<\/p>\n

—
\nbureaucracy<\/p>\n

\"bureaucracy\"
\nthe officials who are employed rather than elected to do the work of a government, business etc<\/p>\n

—
\nanticipate<\/p>\n

\"anticipate\"
\nto expect that something will happen and be ready for it<\/p>\n

Sales are better than anticipated.
\nanticipate changes\/developments
\nThe schedule isn’t final, but we don’t anticipate many changes.
\nanticipate problems\/difficulties
\nWe don’t anticipate any problems.
\nA good speaker is able to anticipate an audience’s needs and concerns.
\nanticipate (that)
\nThis year, we anticipate that our expenses will be 15% greater.
\nIt is anticipated that the research will have many different practical applications.
\nanticipate doing something
\nI didn’t anticipate having to do the cooking myself!<\/p>\n

—
\ntestimony<\/p>\n

\"testimony\"
\na formal statement saying that something is true, especially one a witness makes in a court of law<\/p>\n

Barker’s testimony is crucial to the prosecution’s case.
\nIn his testimony, he denied that the company had ignored safety procedures.<\/p>\n

—
\ndisclose<\/p>\n

\"disclose\"
\nto make something publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret<\/p>\n

\uffdasynonym reveal
\nSome companies have already voluntarily disclosed similar information.
\nHe refused to disclose the identity of the politician.
\ndisclose that
\nIt was disclosed that \u00a33.5 million was needed to modernize the building.
\nhe refused to disclose where they were hiding
\ntheir names and addresses were not disclosed<\/p>\n

The judge asked the reporters not to disclose the name of the murder victim.
\nShe disclosed that she had been in prison.<\/p>\n

—
\non a scale
\n—
\nturn a blind eye (to something)<\/p>\n

\"turn_a_blind_eye\"
\nto deliberately ignore something that you know should not be happening
\nTeachers were turning a blind eye to smoking in school.<\/p>\n

—
\naftermath<\/p>\n

\"aftermath\"
\nthe period of time after something such as a war, storm, or accident when people are still dealing with the results<\/p>\n

aftermath of
\nthe danger of disease in the aftermath of the earthquake<\/p>\n

—
\ncombat<\/p>\n

\"combat\"
\nto try to stop something bad from happening or getting worse – used especially in news reports<\/p>\n

combat inflation\/crime\/racism etc
\nIn order to combat inflation, the government imposed strict controls on foreign currency.
\nnew strategies for combatting terrorism<\/p>\n

The police are now using computers to help combat crime.
\nnew government strategies to combat inflation\/drug abuse.<\/p>\n

—
\nrampant<\/p>\n

\"rampant\"
\nof crime, disease, wrong beliefs, etc.) widespread and impossible to control:<\/p>\n

Sickness was rampant in the area.
\nrampant lawlessness
\na rampant crime wave
\nrumors ran rampant that he was resigning
\nPickpocketing is rampant in the downtown area.
\nThe country has high unemployment and rampant inflation .<\/p>\n

—<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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