\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\nNewspapers<\/h3>\n
All the great cities in the world now have newspapers. But newspapers, as we know them today, are not that old. The very first newspapers began long after the invention of printing. They started in Europe in the 1600s, and were usually only a couple of pages long. For a long time, newspapers were not very common. Governments didn’t want public discussion of their policies and decisions. Often they closed down papers, or taxed them heavily. The “Stamp Tax” on newspapers and pamphlet<\/strong>s was one of the causes of the American Revolution.<\/p>\nNewspapers began to grow in size when they discovered advertising as a source of income. Nowadays, advertising is the main revenue source for most newspapers. As newspapers became more widely circulate<\/strong>d, they could ask for more money for their advertisements. By the late eighteenth century, newspapers were in common use in Europe.<\/p>\nThe 1800s and early 1900s was the golden age of newspapers. Improvements in transportation, communication and printing processes made it easier to collect news from near and far and to publish papers more quickly and more cheaply. The Weekly Dispatch and the Times, both of London, England, were leading newspapers through much of the 1800s. The Times was one of the first paper<\/strong>s to include illustrations. It was the first newspaper to use a steam engine to turn the presses. When the tax on newspapers was reduced in 1836, the Times was able to increase its size considerably<\/strong>. In 1840, it began to use the telegraph to collect news stories. In 1855 the tax on newspapers was finally lift<\/strong>ed.<\/p>\nThe Times made its greatest reputation <\/strong>during the Crimean War between Britain and Russia. British armies, fighting in Russia’s Crimean Peninsula, were not only unsuccessful in the war, but were suffering severely from illnesses. The Times sent out the world’s first war correspondent, William Howard Russell, in 1854. His reports from the battle lines had a powerful effect on the British public. A War Fund was organized to help the soldiers. Russell forced the government to accept the offer of Florence Nightingale to organize nurses to travel to Crimea. A photographer, Roger Fenton, sent back photos from the war, which were published in the Times.<\/p>\nMeanwhile in America, a more popular approach <\/strong>to newspapers had developed. The newspaper had spread west with the pioneer<\/strong>s, and nearly every little settlement <\/strong>had its own paper. American newspapers were cheaper and livelier <\/strong>than British ones. They were aimed at the average person, rather than the governing class. Examples of the new style of editing and publishing were Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. Hearst, especially, employed sensational <\/strong>and emotional writing, which aimed at stirring up<\/strong> the public to action. Hearst is sometimes accused of starting the Spanish-American War of 1898 with his over-heated editorials. Nonetheless, his methods were successful in raising circulation <\/strong>and were widely imitated.<\/p>\nThe modern newspaper contains more than hard news. In fact, news may be a fairly small part of it. Advertisements, gossip<\/strong>, show business, photos of celebrities, sports, stock market prices, horoscopes, comic strips, weather reports and much more are found in its pages. The modern newspaper is a total entertainment package. A question for the future is whether electronic newspapers will replace paper newspapers.<\/p>\n
\n
\npamphlet<\/p>\n
a very thin book with paper covers, that gives information about something
\n\uffdasee also leaflet
\na political pamphlet
\nthe book was first published in pamphlet form
\na political pamphlet<\/p>\n
—
\ncirculate<\/p>\n
[ intransitive ]\u00a0\u00a0 if information, facts, ideas etc circulate, they become known by many people :
\nRumours\u00a0 began\u00a0 circulating\u00a0 that the Prime Minister was seriously ill.<\/p>\n
—
\npaper<\/p>\n
\u25b6NEWSPAPER\u25c0
\na newspaper
\nHave you seen today’s paper?
\nYou’ll read about it in tomorrow’s papers.<\/p>\n
Sunday\/evening\/daily paper
\nThe story was all over the Sunday papers.<\/p>\n
local\/national\/trade paper
\nWhy don’t you put an ad in the local paper?<\/p>\n
—
\nconsiderably<\/p>\n
much or a lot
\nIt’s considerably colder today.<\/p>\n
Conditions have improved considerably over the past few years.
\n—
\nlift<\/p>\n
to remove a rule or a law that says that something is not allowed
\nlift a restriction\/an embargo\/sanctions etc
\nThe government plans to lift its ban on cigar imports.<\/p>\n
—
\napproach<\/p>\n
method\u00a0 [ countable ]\u00a0\u00a0 a method of doing something or dealing with a problem
\napproach to <\/strong><\/p>\na new approach to teaching languages
\nHe decided to\u00a0 adopt a\u00a0 different\u00a0 approach\u00a0 and teach the Bible through story-telling.
\nThis book\u00a0 takes an\u00a0 unorthodox\u00a0 approach\u00a0 to art criticism.
\norganizations which take a\u00a0 positive approach\u00a0 to creative thinking<\/p>\n
—
\npioneer<\/p>\n
1 someone who is important in the early development of something, and whose work or ideas are later developed by other people
\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\npioneer of John Whitney was a pioneer of computer animation.
\nHe was a\u00a0 pioneer in the field of\u00a0 biotechnology.<\/p>\n
2 one of the first people to travel to a new country or area and begin living there, farming etc :
\nthe early pioneers of the Dakota territory<\/p>\n
—
\nsettlement<\/p>\n
a group of houses and buildings where people live, especially in a place where few people have lived before :
\nThe railway stations created new settlements.
\nan early Iron Age settlement<\/p>\n
new area\/places\u00a0 [ uncountable ]\u00a0\u00a0 when a lot of people move to a place in order to live there, especially in a place where not many people have lived before
\nsettlement of <\/strong>the settlement of the American West<\/p>\n—
\nlivelier<\/p>\n
a lively discussion, description etc is very interesting and involves a lot of ideas :
\nThe book offers a lively account of her travels.
\na\u00a0 lively debate\u00a0 on environmental issues<\/p>\n
—
\nsensational<\/p>\n
very interesting, exciting, and surprising
\na sensational discovery
\nThe show was a sensational success.
\na sensational 6-0 victory<\/p>\n
—
\nstirring up<\/p>\n
stir\u00a0\u00a0 somebody\/something \u2194\u00a0 up\u00a0\u00a0 phrasal verb
\nto deliberately try to cause arguments or bad feelings between people :<\/p>\n
John was always\u00a0 stirring up trouble\u00a0 in class.
\nDave\u2019s just trying to\u00a0 stir things up\u00a0 because he\u2019s jealous.<\/p>\n
—
\ncirculation<\/p>\n
the average number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are usually sold each day, week, month etc
\ncirculation of
\nThe newspaper has a daily circulation of 55,000.<\/p>\n
—
\ngossip<\/p>\n
information that is passed from one person to another about other people’s behaviour and private lives, often including unkind or untrue remarks
\ngossip about
\nHere’s an interesting piece of gossip about Mrs Smith.
\nWhat’s the latest gossip ?
\nDo you want to hear some juicy gossip ?
\nShe had no time for idle gossip .
\nIt was common gossip how he felt about her.
\nYou miss a lot of office gossip when you have a day off work.
\nOn Sundays all the men gather in the square to exchange local gossip .<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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They started in Europe in the 1600s, and were usually only a couple of pages long.… \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3314,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-level-four"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/newspapers\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 Newspapers All the great cities in the world now have newspapers. 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