{"id":20382,"date":"2026-06-01T02:10:12","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beta.salamzaban.com\/?p=20382"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:10:12","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:10:12","slug":"public-transit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/public-transit\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/p>\n

\"\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Public Transit<\/h3>\n

Public transportation in North America varies greatly from place to place. Some large cities like New York, Boston, Toronto and Montreal have subway systems. These same cities usually also have train service into the city. But most towns and cities do not have subways or trains. Some do not even have buses. Most big cities have some sort of public bus service. In most North American cities, people who use the buses complain about poor service. This is partly because most people prefer to drive a car. Automobile companies spend billions of dollars on advertising. They want to convince young people that they should drive a car as soon as they are old enough. Even when public transportation is very good, most North Americans prefer to drive cars. So mostly students, poor people and senior<\/strong>s use buses. The large car companies have a lot of economic and political power in North America. They can usually convince politicians to limit the money put into public transit. Lobby<\/strong>ing by large car companies has been effective in clos<\/strong>ing down<\/strong> many railway lines. In some cases, large corporations have bought train tracks, and torn<\/strong> them up<\/strong> so that no one could use them again. Because of this, nearly all transportation in North America is by car, bus or truck. The automobile created the modern North American city. Cars allowed families to live outside the city and drive back in to work. Since the 1920s, large numbers of Americans have lived in the suburbs, and used cars to do nearly all their daily activities. People drive to school, to work, to the shopping mall, to the theatre, to church and to doctors, lawyers and dentists. Because the modern city is so spread out, it is difficult to get where you want to go by walking, or even by bicycling. But the automobile also causes problems. Car accidents are a major cause of death and injury. Crowded streets and snarl<\/strong>ed traffic can lead to road rage<\/strong>. Frustrate<\/strong>d drivers sometimes get out of their cars to fight each other. Young people often use cars as super toys. They enjoy driving very fast and take risks while driving. A high proportion<\/strong> of serious accidents concern drivers using alcohol or drugs. More recently, some people have accused cell phones of being a cause of accidents. About half of the air pollution in North American cities is caused by motor vehicles. The exhaust fumes<\/strong> from cars and trucks are part of this. The other part is that vehicles erode<\/strong> the surface of the highways. Small particles are torn loose from the road and thrown into the air as cars whiz<\/strong> by. Heavy trucks are particularly large contributors to particle pollution. Especially in hot weather, a layer of smog covers many cities. Much of this is caused by motor vehicles. Because city roads are often crowded, the result is frequent traffic jam<\/strong>s. When cars are moving very slowly, bumper to bumper<\/strong>, it adds to air pollution. Another problem with cars is that not everyone can afford one. The average car costs nearly $20,000 to buy, and about $4,000 a year to operate. So cars are also a status<\/strong> symbol. People with cars tend to move out of the city. As a result, downtown areas are usually where the poorer people live. For a long time, many people have said that governments should try to make downtown areas more attractive to live in. This would include improving public transit, into and inside, the cities. Then some people may move back from the suburbs. And air pollution levels will decline. Right now, the large automobile companies and oil companies oppose these measures. Recently, there have been cuts to public transit in many cities. Whether these cuts continue, or whether they get reversed, is a big political issue in North America today.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

Senior<\/p>\n

\"Senior\"
\nSource 1
\nFor senior citizens (= older people, especially those who have retired from work)
\nGet one third off rail fares with a senior rail card.
\nSenior discounts\/concessions<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nSomeone who is over 60 years old or who is retired<\/p>\n

WORD FOCUS: old PEOPLE:<\/strong><\/p>\n

elderly<\/p>\n

a polite word used to describe someone who is old
\nmiddle-aged<\/strong> aged between about 50 and 60 years old
\nsenior citizen\/senior<\/strong> American English\/pensioner <\/strong>British English\/retiree <\/strong>American English someone over 60 who has stopped working
\nsenile old and mentally ill
\nancient, geriatric, be getting on, be past it, be over the hill, be no spring chicken<\/strong> informal words and expressions used to describe someone who is old, often used humorously
\ngeriatric:<\/strong> geriatric medicine, care, hospitals etc are for old people
\nTHINGS\/PLACES:<\/p>\n

ancient: ancient civilizations, cities, buildings, traditions etc existed many hundreds of years ago
\nprehistoric:<\/strong> existing many thousands of years ago
\nantique:<\/strong> antique furniture, jewellery etc is old and often valuable<\/p>\n

Source 3
\nAn elderly person; especially: one who has retired
\nSynonyms:<\/strong> ancient, elder, geriatric, golden-ager, oldster, old-timer, senior
\nAntonyms:<\/strong> youngster, youth<\/p>\n

Lobby<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Lobby\"
\nSource 1
\nLobbies, lobbying, lobbied, lobbied [transitive, intransitive]
\nLobby (somebody) (for\/against something)<\/strong>To try to influence a politician or the government and, for example, persuade them to support or oppose a change in the law
\nFarmers will lobby Congress for higher subsidies.
\nWomen’s groups are lobbying to get more public money for children.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nTo try to persuade the government or someone with political power that a law or situation should be changed lobby for\/against
\nThe group is lobbying for a reduction in defence spending.
\nLobby somebody to do something<\/strong>We’ve been lobbying our state representative to support the new health plan.<\/p>\n

Source 3
\n1to conduct activities aimed at influencing public officials and especially members of a legislative body on legislation
\n2to attempt to influence or sway (as a public official) toward a desired action<\/p>\n

Examples of LOBBY<\/p>\n

An organization that has been lobbying for reform of the tax laws
\nThe health-care industry has lobbied against the proposal.
\nAn organization that has been lobbying Congress for reform of the tax laws
\nA player who has lobbied hard to be included in the team’s starting lineup
\nI lobbied our company for a new computer.
\nClose down<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Close_down\"
\nSource 1
\nThe stopping of work, especially permanently, in an office, a factory, etc.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nIf a company, shop etc closes, or you close it, it stops operating permanently [= shut down; \u21aa closed]:
\nWe have reluctantly decided to close the factory.
\nThe shop closed down some time last year.<\/p>\n

Source 3
\nAn instance of suspending or stopping operations<\/p>\n

Examples of CLOSEDOWN<\/p>\n

Ordered a closedown of operations until the cause of the mine explosion could be determined
\nSynonyms:<\/strong> arrest, arrestment, cease, cessation, check, close, end, closure, conclusion, cut off, discontinuance, discontinuation, ending, expiration, finish, halt, lapse, off set, shut down, shut off, stay, stop, stoppage, surcease, termination
\nAntonyms:<\/strong> continuance, continuation
\nTorn up<\/strong> (the past participle of tear up<\/strong>)<\/p>\n

\"Tear_up\"
\nSource 1
\nTear something up<\/strong>To destroy a document, etc. by tearing it into pieces
\nSynonym: <\/strong>rip something up
\nShe tore up all the letters he had sent her.
\nHe accused the leader of tearing up the party’s manifesto (= of ignoring it).<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nTo remove something from the ground by pulling or pushing it violently:
\nThe remains of trees that had been torn up by the storm<\/p>\n

Source 3
\nTo damage, remove, or effect an opening in
\ntore up the street to lay a new water main<\/p>\n

Snarl<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Snarl\"
\nSource 1
\nTo involve somebody\/something in a situation that stops their movement or progress; to become involved in a situation like this
\nThe accident snarled up the traffic all day<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nSnarl up<\/strong>British English to prevent traffic from moving:
\nTraffic snarled up on both sides of the road<\/p>\n

Source 3
\n1: to cause to become knotted and intertwined : tangle
\n2: to make excessively complicated<\/p>\n

Road rage<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Road_rage\"
\nSource 1
\nA situation in which a driver becomes extremely angry or violent with the driver of another car because of the way they are driving<\/p>\n

Source2
\nViolence and angry behavior by car drivers towards other car drivers:
\nRoad rage seems to be on the increase.
\nA road rage attack<\/p>\n

Source 3
\nA motorist’s uncontrolled anger that is usually provoked by another motorist’s irritating act and is expressed in aggressive or violent behavior<\/p>\n

Frustrate<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Frustrate\"
\nSource1
\nTo make somebody feel annoyed or impatient because they cannot do or achieve what they want
\nWhat frustrates him is that there’s too little money to spend on the project.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nIf something frustrates you, it makes you feel annoyed or angry because you are unable to do what you want:
\nThe fact that he’s working with amateurs really frustrates him.<\/p>\n

Proportion<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Proportion\"
\nSource 1
\nA part or share of a whole<\/p>\n

Water covers a large proportion of the earth’s surface.
\nLoam is a soil with roughly equal proportions of clay, sand and silt.
\nThe proportion of regular smokers increases with age.
\nA higher proportion of Americans go on to higher education than is the case in Britain.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nA part of a number or amount, considered in relation to the whole Proportion<\/p>\n

The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years.
\nEvery parent is asked to contribute a proportion of the total cost.
\nHigh\/large\/small etc proportion <\/strong>The decision affects a significant proportion of the population.
\nAlthough the majority of offenders are men, a small proportion – about 5 percent – are women.<\/p>\n

Source 3
\nThe relation of one part to another or to the whole with respect to magnitude, quantity, or degree<\/p>\n

Exhaust<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Exhaust\"
\nSource 1
\nWaste gases that come out of a vehicle, an engine or a machine
\nCar exhaust fumes\/emissions<\/p>\n

Source 2<\/p>\n

the gas produced when an engine is working:
\nExhaust fumes<\/p>\n

Fumes<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"fumes\"
\nSource 1
\nSmoke, gas, or something similar that smells strongly or is dangerous to breathe in
\nDiesel\/petrol\/exhaust fumes
\nTo be overcome by smoke and fumes
\nClouds of toxic fumes escaped in a huge chemical factory blaze.
\nThe body of a man was found in a fume-filled car yesterday.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nStrong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to breathe in:
\nPaint fumes<\/p>\n

Erode<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Erode\"
\nSource 1
\n1 [transitive, intransitive]
\nTo gradually destroy the surface of something through the action of wind, rain, etc; to be gradually destroyed in this way
\nSynonym: <\/strong>wear away
\nErode something (away)<\/strong>The cliff face has been steadily eroded by the sea.
\nErode (away) <\/strong>The rocks have eroded away over time.<\/p>\n

2 [transitive, intransitive] erode (something)
\nTo gradually destroy something or make it weaker over a period of time; to be destroyed or made weaker in this way
\nHer confidence has been slowly eroded by repeated failures.
\nMortgage payments have been eroded (= decreased in value) by inflation.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nIf the weather erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed: The cliffs are being constantly eroded by heavy seas.
\nThe rocks have gradually eroded away.
\nCrashing waves have eroded the cliffs along the beach.
\nThe shoreline has eroded badly.<\/p>\n

Whiz<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Whiz\"
\nSource 1
\nWhizz<\/strong> British English; whiz <\/strong>American English [intransitive]
\n[Always + adverb\/preposition] informal
\na) To move very quickly, often making a sound like something rushing through the air: An ambulance whizzed past.
\nI saw a big piece of metal whizzing through the air.
\nb) To do something very quickly
\nWhizz through<\/strong>Let’s just whizz through it one more time.<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nTo fly or move swiftly especially with a whiz
\ncars whizzing by<\/p>\n

Examples of WHIZ<\/p>\n

The ball whizzed through the air.
\nCars whizzed by on the highway.
\nHe whizzed past us on skates.
\nShe whizzed through the exam.
\nTraffic jam<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Traffic_jam\"
\nSource 1
\nA long line of vehicles on a road that cannot move or that can only move very slowly
\nWe were stuck in a traffic jam.<\/p>\n

Usage note: DrivingHaving a car<\/strong><\/p>\n

Have\/own\/<\/p>\n

(British English) run<\/strong> a car
\nRide<\/strong> a motorcycle\/motorbike
\nDrive\/prefer\/use<\/strong> an automatic\/a manual\/(North American English, informal) a stick shift
\nHave\/get <\/strong>your car serviced\/fixed\/repaired
\nBuy\/sell<\/strong> a used car\/(especially British English) a second-hand car
\nTake\/pass\/fail<\/strong> a (British English) driving test\/(both North American English) driver’s test\/road test
\nGet\/obtain\/have\/lose\/carry<\/strong> a\/your (British English) driving license\/(North American English) driver’s license
\nDriving<\/p>\n

Put on\/fasten\/(North American English) buckle\/wear\/undo <\/strong>your seat belt\/safety belt
\nPut\/turn\/leave<\/strong> the key in the ignition
\nStart<\/strong> the car\/engine
\n(British English) change\/<\/strong>(North American English) shift\/put<\/strong> something into gear
\nPress\/put <\/strong>your foot on the brake pedal\/clutch\/accelerator
\nRelease<\/strong> the clutch\/(especially British English) the handbrake\/(both North American English) the emergency brake\/the parking brake
\nDrive\/park\/reverse<\/strong> the car
\n(British English) indicate<\/strong> left\/right
\n(Especially North American English) signal that you are turning left\/right
\nTake\/miss <\/strong>(British English) the turning\/(especially North American English) the turn
\nApply\/hit\/slam <\/strong>on the brake(s)
\nBeep\/honk\/ <\/strong>(especially British English) toot\/<\/strong>(British English) sound<\/strong> your horn<\/p>\n

Problems and accidents<\/p>\n

A car skids\/crashes<\/strong> (into something)\/collides <\/strong>(with something)
\nSwerve to avoid an oncoming car<\/strong>\/a pedestrian<\/strong>Crash\/lose<\/strong> control of the car
\nHave\/be in\/be killed in\/survive<\/strong> a car crash\/a car accident\/(North American English) a car wreck\/a hit-and-run
\nBe run over\/knocked down<\/strong> by a car\/bus\/truck
\nDent\/hit<\/strong> (British English) the bonnet\/(North American English) the hood
\nBreak\/crack\/shatter<\/strong> (British English) the windscreen\/(North American English) the windshield
\nBlow\/<\/strong> (especially British English) burst\/puncture<\/strong> (British English) a tyre\/(North American English) a tire
\nGet\/have<\/strong> (British English) a flat tyre\/a flat tire\/a puncture
\nInflate\/change\/fit\/replace\/check<\/strong> a tyre\/tire<\/p>\n

Traffic and driving regulations
\nBe caught in\/get stuck in\/sit in<\/strong> a traffic jam
\nCause<\/strong> congestion\/tailbacks\/traffic jams\/gridlock
\nExperience\/face<\/strong> lengthy delays
\nBeat\/avoid <\/strong>the traffic\/the rush hour
\nBreak\/observe<\/strong>\/(North American English) drive<\/strong> the speed limit
\nBe caught on<\/strong> (British English) a speed camera
\nStop somebody for\/pull somebody over for\/<\/strong>(British English, informal) be done <\/strong>for speeding
\n(Both informal) run\/<\/strong>(British English) jump<\/strong> a red light\/the lights
\nBe arrested for\/charged with<\/strong> (British English) drink-driving\/(both US) driving under the influence (DUI)\/driving while intoxicated (DWI)
\nBe banned<\/strong>\/ (British English) disqualified<\/strong> from driving<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nA long line of vehicles on a road that cannot move or can only move very slowly: We were stuck in a traffic jam for two hours.<\/p>\n

Bumper to bumper<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Bumper_to_bumper\"
\nSource 1
\nBumper-to-bumper traffic is very close together and moving slowly<\/p>\n

Source 2
\nMarked by long closed lines of cars<\/p>\n

Status<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Status\"
\nSource 1
\n1 [uncountable, countable, usually singular]
\nThe social or professional position of somebody\/something in relation to others<\/p>\n

Low status jobs
\nTo have a high social status
\nWomen are only asking to be given equal status with men.
\nShe achieved celebrity status overnight.<\/p>\n

2 [uncountable]
\nHigh rank or social position
\nThe job brings with it status and a high income.<\/p>\n

3 [uncountable, countable, usually singular]
\nThe level of importance that is given to something
\nThe high status accorded to science in our culture<\/p>\n

Source 2
\n1your social or professional rank or position, considered in relation to other people high\/low status low-status jobs
\nDoctors have traditionally enjoyed high social status.<\/p>\n

2 respect and importance that someone or something is given [= prestige]:
\nThe status given to education
\nMandela’s status as a world leader<\/p>\n

Source 3
\na : position or rank in relation to others
\nThe status of a father
\nb : relative rank in a hierarchy of prestige; especially : high prestige<\/p>\n

Examples of STATUS<\/p>\n

They want to maintain the city’s status as a major tourist attraction.
\nHe wants to improve his status in the community.
\nPeople of different social and economic statuses
\nShe married a man of status and wealth.
\nThis job brings with it a measure of status.
\nThey sought asylum and were given refugee status by the government.
\nThey are still considered refugees. Their statuses have not changed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc Public Transit Public transportation in North America varies greatly from place to place. Some large cities like New York, Boston, Toronto and Montreal have subway systems. These same cities usually also have train service into the city. But most towns and cities do not have subways… \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":54304,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20382","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-level-four"],"yoast_head":"\n\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/public-transit\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634\u06cc \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc Public Transit Public transportation in North America varies greatly from place to place. Some large cities like New York, Boston, Toronto and Montreal have subway systems. These same cities usually also have train service into the city. 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