![\"Quantum](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/physics-quantum-boy-class-2.webp\")
<\/p>\n\u0641\u06cc\u0632\u06cc\u06a9: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u06cc\u062a<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n
During the early decades of the 20th century, the field of theoretical physics was revolutionized by some startling new discoveries. These discoveries-quantum theory and relativity<\/strong>-had profound<\/strong> implications for our understanding of the universe and for the development of new technology. Quantum theory is concerned with the absorption<\/strong> and emission<\/strong> of energy by matter<\/strong>, and with the wavelike motion of matter.<\/p>\n This area of physics was developed by several scientists over a period of about thirty years, beginning at the start of the 20th century. Before the development of quantum theory, physicists had believed that energy could be absorbed or emit<\/strong>ted in any amount, and that matter occupied a definite <\/strong>location in space. However, quantum theory showed that these conception<\/strong>s were inaccurate<\/strong>. According to quantum theory, energy can only be absorbed or emitted in certain, discrete<\/strong> amounts, which are called quanta.<\/p>\n It is as if energy is transported in small “packets” that only exist in particular sizes. This finding can be seen in the frequencie<\/strong>s of light and other radiation that are emitted by different kinds of atoms. Each atom only emits radiation having certain frequencies. These frequencies correspond to the amounts of energy that are released when the electrons that orbit around the nucleus of an atom move from a higher orbital path<\/strong> to a lower orbital path.<\/p>\n Another astonishing <\/strong>feature of quantum theory is that matter can exist both as a particle and as a wave. Experiments have shown that the electrons of an atom can behave as waves; for example, electrons can diffract<\/strong>, or bend, in the same way that light waves bend. One surprising implication of this wavelike property is that the precise<\/strong> location of a particle cannot be known with certainty. The other major discovery of the early 20th century physics was the theory of relativity.<\/p>\n Unlike quantum theory, relativity was largely the work of one man, a physicist named Albert Einstein. Einstein demonstrat<\/strong>ed that the speed of light is constant<\/strong>, regardless of the motion of the observer. Einstein showed that, contrary to<\/strong> the assumption<\/strong>s of classical physics, time and motion are not constant, but relative to the observer. If a spaceship could move at an extremely high speed, time would pass considerably more slowly on that spaceship than for people who stayed on the earth. Moreover, the spaceship will appear to become shorter as its speed increases, and the mass of the spaceship would increase as its speed increased.<\/p>\n One of the bewildering<\/strong> ideas from Einstein’s theory of relativity is the notion <\/strong>that time can be added to the three dimension<\/strong>s of space-length, width, and height-as a fourth dimension. According to the theory of relativity, massive objects cause a distortion<\/strong>, or warpi<\/strong>ng, of this four-dimensional space-time continuum<\/strong>.<\/p>\n But because the speed of light is constant, light will follow a straight line through space-time, and its motion will appear to be warped as it moves through space that is distorted by massive objects such as stars or planets. Another astonishing implication of the theory of relativity is that matter and energy are interchangeable.<\/p>\n This is the basis for Einstein’s famous formula, E = mc2, which states that energy equals mass times the speed of light squared<\/strong>. This idea is the basis for atomic energy, which allows for the release of energy by destroying a small amount of matter when the nucleus <\/strong>of an atom is divided, or split<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Today, thanks to the efforts of Einstein and the other physicists of the early 20th century, the study of theoretical physics is based largely on the ideas of quantum theory and relativity. Also, much of our modern technology-from electronics to nuclear power-is based on the ideas that were developed during this exciting period in the history of science.<\/p>\n relativity<\/p>\n source 2 profound<\/p>\n source 2 absorption<\/p>\n source 2 emission source 1 source 2 matter<\/p>\n source 2 definitesure or certain; unlikely to change emit<\/p>\n source 2 conceptionsource 1 source 2 inaccuratesource 1 Usage note: mistakeerror inaccuracy slip howler misprint source 2 discrete<\/p>\n source 2 frequency<\/p>\n source 2 path<\/p>\n source 2 astonishing<\/p>\n source 2 WORD FOCUS: surprising very surprising:<\/strong> amazing, extraordinary, astonishing, astounding, staggering, startling<\/p>\n diffractsource 1 source 2 precise<\/p>\n source 2 demonstrate<\/p>\n Usage note: evidenceGiving proof source 2 constant<\/p>\n source 2 assumption<\/p>\n source 2 contrary<\/p>\n source 2 bewildering<\/p>\n source 2 notion source 1 source 2 dimension<\/p>\n source 2 distortion<\/p>\n warpsource 1 source 2 continuum<\/p>\n source 2 squared source 2 split<\/p>\n
\n
\n![\"relativity\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/relativity-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nEinstein’s theory of the universe based on the principle that all movement is relative and that time is a fourth dimension related to space<\/p>\n
\nthe relationship in physics between time, space, and movement according to Einstein’s theory<\/p>\n![\"profound\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/profound-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nvery great; felt or experienced very strongly
\nprofound changes in the earth’s climate
\nMy father’s death had a profound effect on us all.
\nThe news came as a profound shock.
\nThe report has profound implications for schools.
\nHer sense of disappointment was profound.<\/p>\n
\nhaving a strong influence or effect
\nprofound effect\/influence\/impact\/consequence etc <\/strong>Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work.
\nThe mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.
\nprofound changes in society<\/p>\n![\"absorption\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/absorption-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nthe process of a liquid, gas or other substance being taken in
\nVitamin D is necessary to aid the absorption of calcium from food.<\/p>\n
\na process in which something takes in liquid, gas, or heat
\nabsorption of
\nthe body’s absorption of iron<\/p>\n
\nthe production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc
\nthe emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
\nemission controls<\/p>\n
\na gas or other substance that is sent into the air:
\nBritain agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from power stations.<\/p>\n![\"matter\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/matter-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nphysical substance in general that everything in the world consists of; not mind or spirit
\nto study the properties of matter<\/p>\n
\nthe material that everything in the universe is made of, including solids, liquids, and gases:
\nparticles of matter<\/p>\n
\nCan you give me a definite answer by tomorrow?
\nIs it definite that he’s leaving?
\nI’ve heard rumours, but nothing definite.
\na definite offer of a job
\nI’m not sure\u2014I can find out for definite if you like.
\nThat’s definite then, is it?
\nThey have very definite ideas on how to bring up children.<\/p>\n![\"emit\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/emit-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nemit something <\/strong>(formal)
\nto send out something such as light, heat, sound, gas, etc
\nThe metal container began to emit a clicking sound.
\nSulphur gases were emitted by the volcano.<\/p>\n
\nto send out gas, heat, light, sound etc:
\nThe kettle emitted a shrill whistle.<\/p>\n
\nan understanding or a belief of what something is or what something should be
\nMarx’s conception of social justice
\nHe has no conception of how difficult life is if you’re unemployed.<\/p>\n
\nan idea about what something is like, or a general understanding of something [\u21aa concept]
\nconception of the conception of parliamentary democracy
\nchanging conceptions of the world
\nhave (no) conception of something They have no conception of what women really feel and want.<\/p>\n
\nnot exact or accurate; with mistakes
\nan inaccurate statement
\ninaccurate information
\nAll the maps we had were wildly inaccurate.
\nStatistical graphs may be inaccurate and misleading.
\nOpposite:<\/strong> accurate<\/p>\n
\nThese are all words for a word, figure or fact that is not said, written down or typed correctly.
\nmistake<\/strong> a word or figure that is not said or written down correctly: It’s a common mistake among learners of English. spelling mistakes
\nerror <\/strong>(rather formal) a word, figure, etc. that is not said or written down correctly: There are too many errors in your work.
\n\u00a0Error<\/strong> is a more formal way of saying mistake<\/strong>.
\ninaccuracy<\/strong> (rather formal) a piece of information that is not exactly correct: The article is full of inaccuracies.
\nslip <\/strong>a small mistake, usually made by being careless or not paying attention
\nhowler<\/strong> (informal, especially British English) a stupid mistake, especially in what somebody says or writes: The report is full of howlers.
\nA howler<\/strong> is usually an embarrassing mistake which shows that the person who made it does not know something that they really should know.
\nmisprint <\/strong>a small mistake in a printed text
\na(n) mistake\/error\/inaccuracy\/slip\/howler\/misprint in something
\nto make <\/strong>a(n) mistake\/error\/slip\/howler
\nto contain\/be full of <\/strong>mistakes\/errors\/inaccuracies\/howlers\/misprints<\/p>\n
\nnot completely correct [\u2260 accurate]:
\nA lot of what has been written about him is inaccurate.
\ninaccurate information\/data etc
\nHe was fined $300,000 for making inaccurate statements to Congress.<\/p>\n![\"discrete\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/discrete-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nindependent of other things of the same type
\nSynonym:<\/strong> separate
\nThe organisms can be divided into discrete categories.<\/p>\n
\nclearly separate:
\nThe change happens in a series of discrete steps.<\/p>\n![\"frequency\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/frequency-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nthe rate at which a sound or electromagnetic wave vibrates (= moves up and down)
\na high\/low frequency<\/p>\n
\nthe number of radio waves, sound waves etc that pass any point per second:
\nThis station broadcasts on three different frequencies.
\nhigh\/low frequency Dolphins produce a high frequency sound.
\nthe frequency range of the human ear<\/p>\n![\"path\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/path-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\na line along which somebody\/something moves; the space in front of somebody\/something as they move
\nSynonym: <\/strong>way
\nHe threw himself into the path of an oncoming vehicle.
\nThe avalanche forced its way down the mountain, crushing everything in its path.
\nThree men blocked her path.<\/p>\n
\nthe direction or line along which something or someone is moving
\nin something’s\/somebody’s path <\/strong>The tornado destroyed everything in its path.
\ninto the path of something <\/strong>She walked into the path of an oncoming vehicle.<\/p>\n![\"astonishing\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/astonishing-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nvery surprising; difficult to believe
\nSynonym:<\/strong> amazing
\nShe ran 100m in an astonishing 10.6 seconds.
\nI find it absolutely astonishing that you didn’t like it.<\/p>\n
\nso surprising that it is difficult to believe [= amazing]:
\nan astonishing decision
\ntheir astonishing success<\/p>\n
\ndiffract something (physics)
\nto break up a stream of light into a series of dark and light bands or into the different colours of the spectrum<\/p>\n
\nto bend light or sound waves as they pass around something or through a hole [\u21aa refract]<\/p>\n![\"precise\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/precise-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nclear and accurate
\nSynonym: <\/strong>exact
\nprecise details\/instructions\/measurements
\nCan you give a more precise definition of the word?
\nI can be reasonably precise about the time of the incident.<\/p>\n
\nprecise information, details etc are exact, clear, and correct [= exact]:
\nprecise sales figures
\nIt was difficult to get precise information.
\n‘She’s a lot older than you, isn’t she?’ ‘Fifteen years, to be precise.’<\/p>\n![\"demonstrate\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/demonstrate-man-standing-board-office-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nto show something clearly by giving proof or evidence
\ndemonstrate that\u2026 <\/strong>These results demonstrate convincingly that our campaign is working.
\ndemonstrate something (to somebody) <\/strong>Let me demonstrate to you some of the difficulties we are facing.
\ndemonstrate how, what, etc\u2026 <\/strong>His sudden departure had demonstrated how unreliable he was.
\ndemonstrate somebody\/something to be something<\/strong>
\nThe theories were demonstrated to be false.
\nit is demonstrated that\u2026 <\/strong>It has been demonstrated that this drug is effective.<\/p>\n
\nThere is clear evidence that <\/strong>TV advertising influences what children buy.
\nIt is clear <\/strong>from numerous studies that<\/strong> TV advertising influences what children buy.
\nRecent research demonstrates<\/strong> that TV advertising influences children’s spending habits.
\nMany parents think that TV advertising influences their children. This view is supported by <\/strong>the findings of a recent study, which show <\/strong>a clear link between television advertisements and children’s spending habits.
\nThe findings also reveal<\/strong> that most children are unaware of the persuasive purpose of advertising.
\nThere is little evidence that<\/strong> children understand the persuasive intent of advertising.
\nThe results contradict<\/strong> claims that advertising is unrelated to children’s spending habits.
\nManufacturers argue that it is difficult to prove <\/strong>that advertising alone influences what children buy.<\/p>\n
\nto show or prove something clearly:
\nThe study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.
\ndemonstrate that <\/strong>Hitchcock’s films demonstrate that a British filmmaker could learn from Hollywood.
\ndemonstrate how\/what\/why etc <\/strong>This section will attempt to demonstrate how the Bank of England operates.
\nThe government now has an opportunity to demonstrate its commitment to reform.<\/p>\n![\"constant\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/constant-shape-lines-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nthat does not change
\nSynonym:<\/strong> fixed
\ntravelling at a constant speed of 50 m.p.h.
\nRoss was his most constant and loyal friend.<\/p>\n
\nhappening regularly or all the time:
\nThere was a constant stream of visitors to the house.
\nAmy lived in constant fear of being attacked.
\nHe kept in constant contact with his family while he was in Australia.<\/p>\n![\"assumption\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/assumption-teacher-girl-board-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\na belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof
\nan underlying\/implicit assumption<\/strong>We need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy.
\nWe are working on the assumption that<\/strong> everyone invited will turn up.
\nIt was impossible to make assumptions about<\/strong> people’s reactions.
\nHis actions were based on a false assumption.
\nShe arrived at college with a whole set of assumptions inherited from her family.<\/p>\n
\nsomething that you think is true although you have no definite proof
\nassumption that <\/strong>A lot of people make the assumption that poverty only exists in the Third World.
\nMy calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain steady.
\nWe are working on the assumption that the conference will take place as planned.
\nassumption about <\/strong>People make a lot of assumptions about me.
\nunderlying assumption (=a belief that is used as the basis for an idea, but which may not be correct)<\/p>\n![\"contrary\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/contrary-red-green-pepper-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\ncontrary to something <\/strong>different from something; against something
\nContrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk.
\nThe government has decided that the publication of the report would be \u2018contrary to the public interest\u2019.
\nContrary to expectations and the weather forecast, we had a fine day for the experiment.<\/p>\n
\ncontrary ideas, opinions, or actions are completely different and opposed to each other:
\nTwo contrary views emerged.
\nThe men shouted contrary orders.
\ncontrary to <\/strong>The government’s actions are contrary to the public interest<\/p>\n![\"bewildering\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/bewildering-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nmaking you feel confused because there are too many things to choose from or because something is difficult to understand
\nSynonym:<\/strong> confusing
\na bewildering array\/range
\nThere is a bewildering variety of software available.<\/p>\n
\nconfusing, especially because there are too many choices or things happening at the same time
\na bewildering variety\/array\/range <\/strong>a bewildering variety of choices<\/p>\n
\nan idea, a belief or an understanding of something
\nnotion (of something) <\/strong>a political system based on the notions of equality and liberty
\nShe had only a vague notion of what might happen.
\nHe has no notion of the difficulty of the problem.
\nnotion (that\u2026) <\/strong>I have to reject the notion that greed can be a good thing.<\/p>\n
\nan idea, belief, or opinion
\nnotion of <\/strong>misguided notions of male superiority
\nThe traditional notion of marriage goes back thousands of years.
\nShe had only a vague notion of what she wanted to do.
\nnotion that <\/strong>the notion that human beings are basically good
\nShe had no notion what he meant.
\naccept\/challenge\/reject etc a notion <\/strong>They reject the notion of group guilt.<\/p>\n![\"dimension\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/dimension-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\na measurement in space, for example the height, width or length of something
\nWe measured the dimensions of the kitchen.
\ncomputer design tools that work in three dimensions<\/p>\n
\nthe length, height, width, depth, or diameter of something:
\na rectangle with the dimensions 5cm x 2cm
\ndimension of <\/strong>We’ll need to know the exact dimensions of the room.<\/p>\n![\"distortion\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/distortion-2.webp\")
\nto change the shape, appearance or sound of something so that it is strange or not clear
\na fairground mirror that distorts your shape
\nThe loudspeaker seemed to distort his voice.<\/p>\n
\nto become, or make something become, twisted or bent out of its natural shape, for example because it has become too hot, too damp, etc
\nThe window frames had begun to warp.<\/p>\n
\nif something warps, or if heat or cold warps it, it becomes bent or twisted, and loses its original shape:
\nThe door must be warped. It won’t close properly.<\/p>\n![\"continuum\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/continuum-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\na series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it but the last is very different from the first
\nSynonym:<\/strong> cline
\nIt is impossible to say at what point along the continuum a dialect becomes a separate language.<\/p>\n
\na scale of related things on which each one is only slightly different from the one before:
\nThe Creole language is really various dialects arranged on a continuum.
\nAll the organisms in an ecosystem are part of an evolutionary continuum.<\/p>\n
\nto multiply a number by itself
\nnucleus<\/p>\n![\"nucleus\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/nucleus-picture-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nthe part of an atom that contains most of its mass and that carries a positive electric charge<\/p>\n
\nthe central part of an atom, made up of neutrons, protons, and other elementary particles<\/p>\n
![\"split\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/split-2.webp\")