{"id":20559,"date":"2026-06-01T02:09:53","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:09:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beta.salamzaban.com\/?p=20559"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:09:53","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:09:53","slug":"heredity-and-mendels-experiments","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/heredity-and-mendels-experiments\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"Heredity<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n

Heredity and Mendel\u2019s Experiments<\/h3>\n

For thousands of years, people have understood that many characteristics of plants or animals are transmit<\/strong>ted from parent to offspring.<\/strong> Because of this understanding, farmers have been able to create better varieties of crops and livestock<\/strong>, by allowing the reproduction of only those individuals that have the desired characteristics. As a result, we now have domestic plants and animals that provide us with much more food than their wild ancestors ever did. But even though people have long possess<\/strong>ed some vague appreciation <\/strong>for the principles of heredity,<\/strong> it has only been since the late 19th century that a systematic understanding of those principles has been gained.<\/p>\n

The first scientist to discover the laws of heredity was an Austrian monk, Johann Gregor Mendel. Mendel’s investigations of heredity made use of the pea<\/strong> plant. He studied several characteristics of peas that are transmitted by heredity, such as the color of the peas (green versus <\/strong>yellow), the texture<\/strong> of the peas (smooth versus wrinkled<\/strong>), and the height of the plant (tall versus short). Mendel studied heredity by first finding plants that had shown the same characteristic for several generations?that is, plants that were “pure-bred<\/strong>” for certain traits.<\/p>\n

He then crossed, or hybridized<\/strong>, pairs of pea plants that had different colors, different textures, and different heights. Mendel found that the offspring of these crossings did not show characteristics intermediate<\/strong> between those of the parents, but instead resembled only one of the parents, with respect to a particular characteristic. For example, when yellow pea plants and green pea plants were crossed, all of the offspring had yellow peas.<\/p>\n

In this sense, the yellow color is said to be dominant, and the green color is said to be recessive.<\/strong> Mendel also found that the recessive characteristics could re-emerge in later generations. When he crossed different hybridized plants, he found that one-quarter of these second-generation offspring would show the recessive trait<\/strong>, such as the green color. From these results, Mendel deduce<\/strong>d that traits are transmitted by discrete<\/strong> particles. (Nowadays, these are called “genes”.) For a given characteristic, an offspring inherits two of these, one from each parent. If the offspring inherits different genes from each parent, then one of the genes is “dominant” over the other, and the dominant trait emerges in the offspring. However, the recessive trait may emerge in a later generation.<\/p>\n

Mendel also found that different characteristics are inherited independently. For example, the inheritance of color (green versus yellow) did not depend on the inheritance of texture (smooth versus wrinkled). Each characteristic, such as color or texture, was inherited separately, without influence due to any other characteristic. As a result, any combination of color and texture could occur. Mendel’s work was published in 1866, but it was ignored by other scientists until about 1900, when other scientists independently re-discovered Mendel’s findings, and brought attention to his work.<\/p>\n

When scientists began studying heredity more widely, they noticed many cases that were exceptions to Mendel’s rules. For example, there are cases in which two or more different kinds of characteristics tend to be inherited together. Nevertheless, Mendel’s basic principles provided the first insight into the mechanisms of heredity, and his work is recognized as the beginning of the scientific study of genetics.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

transmit<\/p>\n

\"transmit\"
\nsource 1
\nto pass something from one person to another
\nSynonym: <\/strong>transfer
\ntransmit something <\/strong>sexually transmitted diseases
\ntransmit something to somebody <\/strong>Parents can unwittingly transmit their own fears to their children.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nto send or pass something from one person, place or thing to another
\ntransmit something (from somebody\/something) to somebody\/something <\/strong>Mathematical knowledge is transmitted from teacher to student.<\/p>\n

offspring<\/p>\n

\"offspring\"
\nsource 1
\na child of a particular person or couple
\nthe problems parents have with their teenage offspring
\nto produce\/raise offspring<\/p>\n

source 2
\n1 someone’s child or children – often used humorously:
\na young mother trying to control her offspring
\n2 an animal’s baby or babies:
\na lion and its offspring<\/p>\n

livestock<\/p>\n

\"livestock\"
\nsource 1
\nthe animals kept on a farm, for example cows or sheep<\/p>\n

source 2
\nanimals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm<\/p>\n

possess<\/p>\n

\"possess\"
\nsource 1
\nto have or own something
\nHe was charged with possessing a shotgun without a licence.
\nI’m afraid this is the only suitcase I possess.
\nThe gallery possesses a number of the artist’s early works.
\nBelgium was the first European country to possess a fully fledged rail network.<\/p>\n

source 2
\n1 formal to have a particular quality or ability:
\nDifferent workers possess different skills.
\nHe no longer possessed the power to frighten her.
\n! In spoken English it is much more usual to use have or have got:
\nHe has a lot of talent.<\/p>\n

2 formal or law to have or own something:
\nNeither of them possessed a credit card.
\nCampbell was found guilty of possessing heroin.<\/p>\n

vague<\/p>\n

\"vague\"
\nsource 1
\nnot having or giving enough information or details about something
\nShe’s a little vague about her plans for next year.
\nThe politicians made vague promises about tax cuts.
\nHe was accused of being deliberately vague.
\nWe had only a vague description of the attacker.
\nHe outlined the policy in vague terms.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nunclear because someone does not give enough detailed information or does not say exactly what they mean:
\nThe governor gave only a vague outline of his tax plan.
\nvague about <\/strong>Julia was vague about where she had been and what she had been doing.<\/p>\n

appreciationsource 1
\nfull or sympathetic understanding of something, such as a situation or a problem, and of what it involves
\nI had no appreciation of the problems they faced.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nan understanding of the importance or meaning of something
\nappreciation of <\/strong>a realistic appreciation of the situation<\/p>\n

heredity<\/p>\n

\"heredity\"
\nsource 1
\nthe process by which mental and physical characteristics are passed by parents to their children; these characteristics in a particular person
\nthe debate over the effects of heredity and environment<\/p>\n

source 2
\nthe process by which mental and physical qualities are passed from a parent to a child before the child is born [\u21aa genetics]<\/p>\n

pea<\/p>\n

\"pea\"
\na small round green seed, eaten as a vegetable. Several peas grow together inside a long thin pod on a climbing plant also called a pea
\nfrozen peas
\npea soup<\/p>\n

versus<\/p>\n

\"versus\"
\nsource 1
\nused to show that two teams or sides are against each other
\nIt is France versus Brazil in the final.
\nin the case of the State versus Ford<\/p>\n

source 2
\nused to show that two people or teams are competing against each other in a game or court case:
\nthe New York Knicks versus the LA Lakers
\nthe Supreme Court decision in Roe vs. Wade<\/p>\n

texture<\/p>\n

\"texture\"
\nsource 1
\nthe way food or drink tastes or feels in your mouth, for example whether it is rough, smooth, light, heavy, etc
\nThe two cheeses were very different in both taste and texture.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nthe way a surface or material feels when you touch it, especially how smooth or rough it is
\nsmooth\/silky\/rough etc texture\u00a0<\/strong>the smooth texture of silk
\na designer who experiments with different colours and textures<\/p>\n

wrinkle<\/p>\n

\"wrinkle\"
\nsource 1
\nto form raised folds or lines in an untidy way; to make something do this
\nHer stockings were wrinkling at the knees.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nwrinkled<\/strong>skin or cloth that is wrinkled has small lines or folds in it:
\nher wrinkled old face<\/p>\n

pure-bred<\/p>\n

\"pure-bred\"
\nborn from parents of the same breed, not from a mix of two or more breeds<\/p>\n

hybridizesource 1
\nif an animal or a plant hybridizes or is hybridized with an animal or a plant of another species, they join together to produce a hybrid<\/p>\n

source 2
\nto form a new type of plant or animal from two existing types, so that the new type has some qualities from each of the other types<\/p>\n

intermediate<\/p>\n

\"intermediate\"
\nsource 1
\nlocated between two places, things, states, etc
\nan intermediate stage\/step in a process
\nintermediate between A and B <\/strong>Liquid crystals are considered to be intermediate between liquid and solid<\/p>\n

source 2
\nan intermediate stage in a process of development is between two other stages:
\nan intermediate stage during which the disease is dormant<\/p>\n

recessivesource 1
\na recessive physical characteristic only appears in a child if it has two genes for this characteristic, one from each parent. It does not appear if a dominant gene is also present.<\/p>\n

source 2
\na recessive gene is passed to children from their parents only if both parents have the gene [\u2260 dominant]<\/p>\n

trait<\/p>\n

\"trait\"
\nsource 1
\nparticular quality in your personality
\npersonality traits
\nAwareness of class is a typically British trait.<\/p>\n

source 2
\na particular quality in someone’s character
\npersonality\/character traits <\/strong>a mental illness associated with particular personality traits
\ngenetic\/inherited traits<\/strong><\/p>\n

deduce<\/p>\n

\"deduce\"
\nsource 1
\nto form an opinion about something based on the information or evidence that is available
\nSynonym:<\/strong> infer
\ndeduce something (from something) <\/strong>We can deduce a lot from what people choose to buy.
\ndeduce (from something) that, what, how, etc\u2026 <\/strong>Can we deduce from your silence that you do not approve?<\/p>\n

source 2
\nto use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion about it
\ndeduce that <\/strong>From her son’s age, I deduced that her husband must be at least 60.
\ndeduce from<\/strong>
\nWhat did Darwin deduce from the presence of these species?<\/p>\n

discrete<\/p>\n

\"discrete\"
\nsource 1
\nindependent of other things of the same type
\nSynonym: <\/strong>separate
\nThe organisms can be divided into discrete categories<\/p>\n

source 2
\nclearly separate:
\nThe change happens in a series of discrete steps.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a Heredity and Mendel\u2019s Experiments For thousands of years, people have understood that many characteristics of plants or animals are transmitted from parent to offspring. Because of this understanding, farmers have been able to create better varieties of crops and livestock, by allowing the reproduction of only those… \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":53877,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20559","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-level-four"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644 - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/heredity-and-mendels-experiments\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644 - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a Heredity and Mendel\u2019s Experiments For thousands of years, people have understood that many characteristics of plants or animals are transmitted from parent to offspring. 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