![\"Photosynthesis](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/plant-sun-sky-green-blue-2.webp\")
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\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n
Did you know that plants can “eat” light? Green plants obtain their energy directly from the sun, by convert<\/strong>ing light energy into chemical energy. This process is called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides life not only to plants, but also to the animals (including people) that eat those plants. In addition, photosynthesis gives us the oxygen that we need to breathe. Scientists have gained detailed knowledge of the complex process of photosynthesis, which will be summarize<\/strong>d only briefly<\/strong> here. The basic chemical reaction of photosynthesis involves the conversion<\/strong> of water, carbon dioxide, and light energy into glucose and oxygen.<\/p>\n Glucose is a form of carbohydrate that allows the storage of energy. It takes six molecules of carbon dioxide and twelve molecules of water to produce one molecule of glucose, with six molecules of water and six molecules of oxygen as by-products. How do plants obtain the water, carbon dioxide, and light energy that they need for photosynthesis to occur -Water is obtained through the roots of the plant, and is transported upwards<\/strong> through the stem or trunk of the plant to the leaves. The leaves can directly absorb carbon dioxide from the air. The leaves also contain a green-colored chemical, which is a pigment<\/strong> named chlorophyll. Chlorophyll has the special ability to absorb light energy from the sun, and convert that energy into chemical form.<\/p>\n The process of photosynthesis involves several steps. In the first stages, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll. Some of this energy is used to decompose<\/strong> water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is used in the next steps of photosynthesis, and the oxygen is released into the air as a by-product<\/strong>. The remaining energy that is gained from sunlight is stored in chemical compounds that are also used in the next stages of photosynthesis. In those later stages, the hydrogen from the earlier stages is used, along with carbon and oxygen from carbon dioxide molecules, to create increasingly more complex molecules. This process uses the stored energy from the earlier stages of photosynthesis. Because this energy has already been obtained from sunlight, these later stages of photosynthesis do not require any additional light. The later stages of photosynthesis eventually produce glucose, which is a complex carbohydrate molecule.<\/p>\n Glucose allows energy to be stored in a stable form that can be used by the plant. Glucose molecules can be sent throughout the plant, to provide the energy that is needed for the plant to live, grow, and reproduce. If the plant is eaten by an animal, then the animal can use this energy for its own life processes. The process by which plants convert light into food is surely one of the miracle<\/strong>s of nature. Photosynthesis is a fascinat<\/strong>ing and complex process, and it provides us with the food we eat and the air we breathe.<\/p>\n summarize<\/p>\n Usage note: conclusionSumming up an argument<\/strong>In conclusion<\/strong>, the study has provided useful insights into the issues relating to people’s perception of crime. source 2 briefly<\/p>\n source 2 conversion<\/p>\n source 2 upwards<\/p>\n source 2 pigment<\/p>\n source 2 decompose<\/p>\n
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\n![\"summarize\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/summarize-books-student-pile-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nto give a summary of something (= a statement of the main points)
\nThe results of the research are summarized at the end of the chapter.<\/p>\n
\nBased on this study, it can be concluded that <\/strong>the introduction of new street lighting did not reduce reported crime.
\nTo sum up<\/strong>, no evidence can be found to support the view that improved street lighting reduces reported crime.
\nThe available evidence clearly leads to the conclusion that <\/strong>the media do have an influence on the public perception of crime.
\nThe main conclusion to be drawn from <\/strong>this study is that public perception of crime is significantly influenced by crime news reporting.
\nThis study has shown that <\/strong>people’s fear of crime is out of all proportion to crime itself.
\nFear of crime is out of all proportion to the actual level of crime, and the reasons for this can be summarized as follows<\/strong>. First\u2026
\nOverall\/In general<\/strong>, women are more likely than men to feel insecure walking alone after<\/p>\n
\nto make a short statement giving only the main information and not the details of a plan, event, report etc [= sum up]:
\nThe authors summarize their views in the introduction.
\nto summarize <\/strong>To summarize, in most cases the schools were achieving the standards set.<\/p>\n![\"briefly\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/briefly-student-green-board-china-child-student-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nin few words
\nBriefly, the argument is as follows\u2026
\nLet me tell you briefly what happened<\/p>\n
\nin as few words as possible:
\nSonia explained briefly what we had to do.
\n[sentence adverb]
\nBriefly, I think we should accept their offer.<\/p>\n![\"conversion\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/conversion-laboratory-photosynthesis-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\nconversion (from something) (into\/to something) <\/strong>the act or process of changing something from one form, use or system to another
\nthe conversion of farm buildings into family homes
\nConversion to gas central heating will save you a lot of money.
\nNo conversion from analogue to digital data is needed.
\na metric conversion table (= showing how to change metric amounts into or out of another system)
\na firm which specializes in house conversions (= turning large houses into several smaller flats\/apartments)<\/p>\n
\nwhen you change something from one form, purpose, or system to a different one
\nconversion into <\/strong>The warehouse was undergoing conversion into apartments.
\nconversion of <\/strong>the conversion of waste into usable products
\nconversion to <\/strong>The British conversion to the metric system took place in the 1970s.
\nhouse\/barn\/loft etc conversion<\/strong> British English
\n(=when you change the use of a house, barn etc, so that it becomes apartments, a house, a room etc)<\/p>\n![\"upwards\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/man-upwards-ladle-short-wearing-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\ntowards a higher place or position
\nA flight of steps led upwards to the front door.
\nPlace your hands on the table with the palms facing upwards.
\nThe corners of her mouth curved upwards in amusement.
\nOpposite: <\/strong>downwards<\/p>\n
\nmoving or pointing towards a higher position [\u2260 downwards]:
\nPointing upwards, he indicated a large nest high in the tree.
\nThe path began to climb steeply upwards.<\/p>\n![\"pigment\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/natural-pigment-substance-yellow-color-2.webp\")
\nsource 1
\na substance that exists naturally in people, animals and plants and gives their skin, leaves, etc. a particular colour
\nHaemoglobin is the red pigment found in blood.<\/p>\n
\na natural substance that makes skin, hair, plants etc a particular colour:
\nMelanin is the dark brown pigment of the hair, skin and eyes.
\nThe artist Sandy Lee uses natural pigments in her work.<\/p>\n
![\"decompose\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/decompose-boy-looking-2.webp\")
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![\"fascinate\"](\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/11\/kids-mother-looking-laptop-2.webp\")