{"id":20565,"date":"2026-06-01T02:07:41","date_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/beta.salamzaban.com\/?p=20565"},"modified":"2026-06-01T02:07:41","modified_gmt":"2026-06-01T02:07:41","slug":"the-history-of-life-on-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/the-history-of-life-on-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646<\/p>\n

\"The<\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/p>\n

The History of Life on Earth<\/h3>\n

For centuries, people have found fossils-the remains of organisms that once lived on the Earth. But it has only been in the past century that scientists have been able to study fossils systematically, by comparing findings from different locations and from different layers of rock. Today, scientists have determined the approximate sequence<\/strong> in which life forms have appeared, evolve<\/strong>d, and disappeared here on our planet. The age of the earth has been estimated at about 4.5 billion years, based on a technique called radiometric dating. This technique is based on the fact that certain radioactive elements slowly decay into other elements. By measuring the ratio<\/strong>s of the different kinds of elements in rocks, scientists can estimate the age of those rocks. According to these tests, the earth (and moon) are about 4.5 billion years old. Some forms of life emerged very early in the history of the earth. Fossils of some organisms similar to blue-green algae<\/strong> have been dated as being more than three billion years old. For billions of years, however, the earth had only very simple, single-celled forms of life.<\/p>\n

During this period, there were not yet any complex organisms made up of many cells. About 570 million years ago, there was a sudden expansion<\/strong> and diversification<\/strong> of multi-cellular organisms. During the next 325 million years, many varieties of plants and animals evolved. Most life forms existed in the seas, and many kinds of fish emerged during this time. But some animals also began to live on land, and the first reptile<\/strong>s and amphibian<\/strong>s appeared. Large forests of fern<\/strong>-like trees covered much of the land. About 245 million years ago, reptiles began to proliferate<\/strong>. Huge dinosaurs roam<\/strong>ed the earth. This age of dinosaurs ended about 65 million years ago, and many scientists believe that the dinosaurs were eliminat<\/strong>ed when a comet <\/strong>struck the earth, creating a huge cloud of dust that blocked sunlight.<\/p>\n

Some reptiles did survive, and so did the ancestors of today’s birds and mammals. During the past 65 million years, many new varieties of birds and mammals have evolved. Some of these animals were very large, but are now extinct<\/strong>. Within the past two million years, several “ice ages” have occurred. Large areas of the earth were periodically covered by thick sheets of ice. In between these ice ages, warmer periods prevail<\/strong>ed. During these recent times, humans gradually evolved. The earth is indeed very old, and people have experienced this planet for only a short time. But we have begun to learn many interesting things about the history of life on earth.<\/p>\n

\n
\n

approximatesource 1
\nalmost correct or accurate, but not completely so
\nan approximate number\/total\/cost
\nThe cost given is only approximate.
\nUse these figures as an approximate guide in your calculations.
\nOpposite<\/strong>:exact<\/p>\n

source 2
\nan approximate number, amount, or time is close to the exact number, amount etc, but could be a little bit more or less than it [= rough; \u2260 exact]:
\nWhat is the approximate number of students in each class?
\nThese percentages are only approximate.<\/p>\n

sequence<\/p>\n

\"sequence\"
\nsource 1
\na set of events, actions, numbers, etc. which have a particular order and which lead to a particular result
\nHe described the sequence of events leading up to the robbery.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nthe order that something happens or exists in, or the order it is supposed to happen or exist in
\nin a … sequence <\/strong>The questions should be asked in a logical sequence.
\nBe careful to perform the actions in the correct sequence.
\nin sequence <\/strong>Number them in sequence, 1,2,3 etc.
\nout of sequence <\/strong>The chapters may be studied out of sequence.<\/p>\n

evolve<\/p>\n

\"evolve\"
\nsource 1
\nto develop over time, often many generations, into forms that are better adapted to survive changes in their environment
\nevolve (from something) <\/strong>The three species evolved from a single ancestor.
\nevolve something <\/strong>The dolphin has evolved a highly developed jaw.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nif an animal or plant evolves, it changes gradually over a long period of time
\nevolve from <\/strong>Fish evolved from prehistoric sea creatures.
\nAnimals have evolved camouflage to protect themselves from predators.<\/p>\n

ratiosource 1
\nratio (of A to B)<\/strong>
\nthe relationship between two groups of people or things that is represented by two numbers showing how much larger one group is than the other
\nWhat is the ratio of men to women in the department?
\nThe school has a very high teacher-student ratio.
\nThe ratio of applications to available places currently stands at 100:1<\/p>\n

source 2
\na relationship between two amounts, represented by a pair of numbers showing how much bigger one amount is than the other [\u21aa proportion]
\nthe ratio of something to something <\/strong>The ratio of nursing staff to doctors is 2:1.
\nratio between <\/strong>the ratio between profits and incomes<\/p>\n

algae<\/p>\n

\"algae\"
\nsource 1
\nvery simple plants, such as seaweed, that have no real leaves, stems or roots, and that grow in or near water<\/p>\n

source 2
\na very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water<\/p>\n

expansion<\/p>\n

\"expansion\"
\nsource 1
\nan act of increasing or making something increase in size, amount or importance
\na period of rapid economic expansion
\nDespite the recession the company is confident of further expansion.
\nThe expansion of higher education will continue.
\nThe book is an expansion of a series of lectures given last year.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nwhen something increases in size, range, amount etc [= growth; \u21aa expand]
\nexpansion of<\/strong>
\nThe rapid expansion of cities can cause social and economic problems.
\nexpansion in <\/strong>an expansion in student numbers<\/p>\n

diversification<\/p>\n

\"diversification\"
\ndiversify<\/strong>to change or to make something change so that there is greater variety
\nPatterns of family life are diversifying.
\ndiversify something The culture has been diversified with the arrival of immigrants.
\ndiversification noun [uncountable]<\/p>\n

reptile<\/p>\n

\"reptile\"
\nsource 1
\nany animal that has cold blood and skin covered in scales, and that lays eggs. Snakes, crocodiles and tortoises are all reptiles.
\ncompare:<\/strong> amphibian<\/p>\n

source 2
\na type of animal, such as a snake or lizard, whose body temperature changes according to the temperature around it, and that usually lays eggs to have babies<\/p>\n

amphibian<\/p>\n

\"amphibian\"
\nsource 1
\nany animal that can live both on land and in water. Amphibians have cold blood and skin without scales. Frogs, toads and newts are all amphibians.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nanimals such as frogs that can live both on land and in water<\/p>\n

fern<\/p>\n

\"fern\"
\nsource 1
\na plant with large delicate leaves and no flowers that grows in wet areas or is grown in a pot. There are many types of fern<\/p>\n

source 2
\na type of plant with green leaves shaped like large feathers, but no flowers<\/p>\n

proliferate<\/p>\n

\"proliferate\"
\nsource 1
\nto increase rapidly in number or amount
\nSynonym:<\/strong> multiply
\nBooks and articles on the subject have proliferated over the last year.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nif something proliferates, it increases quickly and spreads to many different places:
\nComputer courses continue to proliferate.<\/p>\n

roam<\/p>\n

\"roam\"
\nsource 1
\nto walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction
\nSynonym: <\/strong>wander
\n(+ adverb\/preposition) <\/strong>The sheep are allowed to roam freely on this land.
\nroam something to roam the countryside\/the streets, etc.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nto walk or travel, usually for a long time, with no clear purpose or direction [\u21aa wander]
\nroam over\/around\/about etc <\/strong>The dogs are allowed to roam around.
\nChickens and geese roam freely in the back yard.
\nYou shouldn’t let your children roam the streets.
\nroam the countryside\/desert\/forests etc <\/strong>Wild sheep roam the hills.<\/p>\n

eliminate<\/p>\n

\"eliminate\"
\nsource 1
\nto remove or get rid of something\/somebody
\neliminate something\/somebody<\/strong>
\nCredit cards eliminate the need to carry a lot of cash.
\neliminate something\/somebody from something <\/strong>The police have eliminated two suspects from their investigation.
\nThis diet claims to eliminate toxins from the body.<\/p>\n

source 2
\nto completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted
\neliminate a need\/possibility\/risk\/problem etc <\/strong>The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.
\nThe teacher should try to eliminate the possibility that the child has a hearing defect.
\neliminate something\/somebody from something <\/strong>Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet.<\/p>\n

comet<\/p>\n

\"comet\"
\nsource 1
\na mass of ice and dust that moves around the sun and looks like a bright star with a tail<\/p>\n

source 2
\nan object in space like a bright ball with a long tail, that moves around the sun:
\nHalley’s comet<\/p>\n

extinct<\/p>\n

\"extinct\"
\nsource 1
\nno longer in existence
\nan extinct species
\nto become extinct
\nThe red squirrel is in danger of becoming extinct in England.
\nthe fossilised remains of extinct animals<\/p>\n

source 2
\nan extinct type of animal or plant does not exist any more:
\nDinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.
\nPandas could become extinct in the wild.
\nan extinct species<\/p>\n

prevailto exist or be very common at a particular time or in a particular place
\nWe were horrified at the conditions prevailing in local prisons.
\nThose beliefs still prevail among certain social groups.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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But it has only been in the past century that scientists have been able to study fossils systematically, by comparing findings from different locations and from… \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20564,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-level-four"],"yoast_head":"\n\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/salamzaban.com\/conversation\/the-history-of-life-on-earth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fa_IR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 - \u0628\u0647\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0646\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f The History of Life on Earth For centuries, people have found fossils-the remains of organisms that once lived on the Earth. 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